Human Geography Page 2 of 4 The Rise of Forestry Efficient forestry was not carried out until fairly recently. It did not really start until about 1890, when large forest estates developed. Varying standards of upkeep occur. Public forests and large private estates tend to be well looked after. However smaller private areas usually tend not to be well managed. Areas of limestone and sandstone are very vulnerable to soil erosion. High investment is necessary to ensure successful afforestation. Forests yield far more profit than agriculture in high mountain areas, especially if large scale operations result in economies of scale. Forests can be grown on steep and shady slopes, where farming is difficult. Steep forested slopes Reasons for Depopulation Both 'push' and 'pull' factors have been important in causing people to migrate away from the Alps.   Push factors Pull factors     Poor climate Jobs     Steep slopes Security     Poor soils Bright lights     Disasters Education     Economic difficulties Military training   Depopulation occurred in a number of phases, around industrial areas, depopulation was highest around 1870, elsewhere it occurred a little later. A second peak of rural to urban migration took place between the wars, as mountain farms were sold off during the recession. In more recent times, depopulation has slowed with the developments of tourism and many areas have been growing in population as the high mountains have become a very popular place to live, due to their attractive and healthy environment. Changes in the Alps There have been a number of major rural changes in the high mountain areas of the Alps, these include:- the rationalisation of land holdings (larger farms) increasing mechanisation and the construction of new farm buildings farmers combining to form cooperatives the development of self-help schemes (to build roads etc.) marketing associations new additional sources of income (especially the making and selling of tourist goods) obtaining public aid (especially EC subsidies) and the growth of tourism Planning Strategies for the future of the High Alps Various strategies for the future of the Alps are being discussed, these include:- forming rural cooperatives and self-help schemes improving services (especially roads, medical services and school buses) afforestation of areas of extensive farming, often organised by public authorities spreading of tourist traffic over larger areas to reduce the impact they have on the environment increasing locally-based industry, often located in the larger alpine valleys, with commuters traveling from higher regions. Conclusion Decisions about the Alps are usually taken outside the area. Many countries and states are involved, so no comprehensive policy for the Alps can be determined. Routes can be planned in one country and not in its neighbour. No priorities have been agreed upon. Tourism as an activity is highly susceptible to crises such as the lack of snow in 1988 and 1989. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Page 2 of 4